Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Shareholder value is the only legitimate measure of corporate success. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. He later became a professor of management at massachusetts institute of technology he was succeeded by warren bennis. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 is one of the forefathers of management theory and one of the top business thinkers of all time. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company.
Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. The eminent psychologist douglas mcgregor has given his theory of motivation called theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory x y assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y. Theory z suggests that large complex organisations are human systems and their effectiveness depends on the quality of humanism used. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. He treated traditional approach to management as theory x and the professional approach to management as theory y. Two distinct sets of assumptions that managers, in general, have about their employees and which often turn out to be selffulfilling prophesies. The x theory is also referred to as hard management style and the y theory as soft or enlightened management style. You could not without help going taking into consideration book buildup or library or borrowing from your connections to approach them.
Answer the questions on this quiz to see how well you understand theory x and theory y and their related assumptions. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and. Though recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model yet mcgregors x and y. Theory x assumes that most people prefer to be directed, are not interested in assuming responsibility and want safety above all. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Among any group of 4 participants, there is one who knows the other three members of the group. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Douglas mcgregor an american social psychologist proposed his famous x and y theories in his book 1960. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x.
In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y. The remedies are either to introduce the concept of di. He first presented his theory in a classic article titled the human side of enterprise. He was a social psychologist who became the president of antioch college. Instead of using only one theory or sequencing both theories, a company should implement both theory e and theory o at the same time. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. File type pdf theory x theory y businessballs theory x theory y businessballs getting the books theory x theory y businessballs now is not type of challenging means. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s.
Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory y holds that employees should be trusted and empowered. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. Mcgregor sees theory y as the preferable model and management method, however he felt it was difficult to use in largescale operations in 1981, william ouchi came up with a variant that combined american and japanese management practices together to form theory z, having the following characteristics. Theory e change strategies usually involve heavy use of economic incentives, drastic layoffs, downsizing, and restructuring. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home.
Mcgregor states in his theories two beliefs about mankind and the extent to which managers view these beliefs. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. These labels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The company should explicitly confront the tension between e and o goals and embrace the paradox between the two theories.
Theory x holds that employees are inherently disinclined to work and needed to be strictly controlled. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his thoughts on the different ways in which individuals relate to and. Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies.
According to mcgregor, theory x seeks to promote engagement by directing, monitoring. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Prove that there is one participant who knows all other participants. Mcgregor showedat a time when labormanagement relations were becoming more. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. William ouchi developed theory z after making a comparative study of japanese and american management practices. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. The human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y is still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be. Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories.
Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. Theory x or theory y,douglas mcgregor proposed two models of trust that formed the basis of two different managerial approaches, one based on a positive. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 is one of the forefathers of management theory and one of the top business thinkers. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. The theory z is a continuation of this last style, which makes it an even more participative style than the y theory. What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. On the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management.